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I have the honor of appearing on a few
court-appointed lists in the area. This means I represent clients for
misdemeanor, felony, and child protective/ delinquency cases.
One of the perks of my job is that I get to read a lot of
police reports, and talk to police officers and detectives a lot. The reason
why I say this is a “perk” is that it makes me look at the arguments law
enforcement would use if the case goes to trial, and how police psychology
works. It’s actually quite underhanded and manipulative once you break it down
into its pieces.
Sometimes potential clients call me with the following scenario: “I was at a party last weekend, with a lot of friends. My friends tell me that Tom says that I committed a crime against him, and that he called the cops. Should I talk to the cops?” My advice is always “No, you have no obligation to talk to the cops.” And then I tell the potential client “if the cops call you, tell them you won’t be questioned without a lawyer present.”
1.
The
format: Police reports are written in a good guy/ bad guy format. It’s like
a play. Usually –and I can’t think of a time I have seen it any other way -- the person who calls the cops is the “good”
guy. Once the cops identify the rest of the players in the play, they will try
to finger one person (or possibly a
group of people, who end up as co-defendants) as the “bad guy.”
This is the beginning of how the mind set of law enforcement works. It’s easier to sell the story to a jury if the play is simple. Good guy / bad guy is a scenario we have all seen, and the jury will want vengeance, justice, or something, for the good guy. This is how a conviction is made. Also, police and prosecutors know their audiences: it is the general public. What is the general public’s IQ? How does the general public feel about victims and justice?
2.
Corroboration:
Talking to the victim, or alleged
victim as I like to call him/her, gives the cops a list of other people to talk
to, witnesses, before they talk to the person they’re trying to cast in the
“bad guy” role.
This is how under-handed the police mindset is, as talking to other witnesses first becomes a set-up for the defendant to put his own picture in the frame, or cast himself in the starring role. It also gives police an inside edge, as this leads to a cross-examining of the defendant from their first contact. This part of the officer’s job. And it works in their favor as talking to other witnesses gives “corroboration” to the alleged victim’s story. If the witnesses back up the victim’s story, then the cops have some corroboration, and the victim’s story sounds more like it would stand up in court. Back to selling this story to a jury: if there’s a witness who says the same thing as the alleged victim, then the jury will have more sympathy toward the alleged victim, and it is easier to get a conviction.
3.
Contacting
the defendant: The scene is now set, the cops have a victim, and some
witnesses. Now all they need in the play is the bad guy.
Once the cops call the potential defendant, they begin with what is called a “leading” question. Sometimes these are called open-ended questions. It’s the sort of question an interviewer uses on a job interview, such as “where do you see yourself in five years?” it doesn’t lead to a “yes” or “no,” instead it leads to more of an explanatory answer. Or, in the potential scenario of being pulled over, it sounds more like this “How fast did you think you were going?” This leads to an answer that can be incriminating such as “I’m not sure, but I think was going about 35.” Except in our “play,” as written by the police, it sounds a bit more like “Hi, Jim. My name is officer Bishop with the County sheriff’s office. Tom talked to us, and said you committed a crime against him.”
This open-ended statement might lead a
person to possibly deny the assertion, or to try to correct the cops. The
problem is that any other statement a potential defendant makes at this point
can be used to cast him in the role of bad guy, no matter the answer.
Usually by this time, again, cops have
talked to other witnesses, and so once the defendant says something, an officer
can counter with “Well, Mr. Johnson said you went after Tom with a carving
knife.” Here’s the corroboration coming to assist the cops, and further
explanations by defendants are only helping the police.
Also, the next thing a defendant says – even if it is the truth -- may lead to a credibility problem. The options are to either a) deny what has been said by Mr. Johnson, or possibly point the finger at someone else; or b) deny what was said totally. (Option (c) is also available, however).
At the first contact by police, asserting
an attorney’s assistance would be helpful. Instead, defendant should answer,
“I’m sorry officer, but I can’t talk to you without my attorney present.”
That’s option (c), which no one seems to take!
Either way, the cops have an alleged victim, and a corroborating witness who already say nearly the same thing. But according to the defendant, those two are both liars now. That won’t seem likely to a potential jury, will it? This is just grist for the mill of the prosecution. Think again of the audience, which is the general public. Who should the jury believe: the defendant – or all of the possible ways to agree with the prosecution: instead the jury can believe the alleged victim, officer testimony, credible witness testimony . . . Police also know that facts are confusing – the victim and one or two witnesses usually get a few facts wrong, but this still can be OK to a jury. The victim is sympathetic; so it makes sense what with being attacked that the victim might get a few facts wrong.
4.
The
defendant’s natural response woks against him. This is where manipulation
also comes into play, in case it wasn’t used already when contacting the
defendant. Most people are raised to think that the cops are good people, and
that working with the cops will help everyone (even when being questioned about
something).
A
second natural response happens when police contact a suspect. The suspect
wants to “set the record straight” about what really happened. This works
against the suspect as well. The police aren’t interested in getting it
straight, they are interested in the “good guy/ bad guy” scenario.
Back to my job: I can’t tell you how many times I have had clients tell me “I was respectful”-- “I didn’t make a scene,”-- or “I cooperated.” Even clients with fairly extensive criminal records tell me this, when their prior involvement with law enforcement should have them knowing better. Who cares whether you cooperate with the police? The police will do their job whether you cooperate or not. And that’s what they are paid to do, so why help them to do their job? I don’t see the cops coming along to help you do yours, now do I?
5.
The fact
that cops wear uniforms works in their favor. It’s intimidating, for one.
Second, it tends to lead to obedience on the part of defendants. Clients
/defendants know that cops have uniforms, guns, and jails at their disposal. So
it’s easier for cops to get compliance, and so defendants/ clients to give in
to authority: the alternative can be scary – even if you are innocent. Third,
it is de-humanizing. It’s not a guy who happens to be a cop, it’s a cop! People
see the uniform, but not the individual in uniform.
7.
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